Welcome to ADJU 1 -- Ms. Beshears -- msbeshears@bcconline.com -- Barstow College

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You can hear the textbook's author regarding his review of the chapters, as well as links to web reference sites to enhance each chapter's topics:

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Prof. Beshears

Chapter Reference Sites Chapters 1 - 17

Chapter 1:  What is Criminal Justice?

WebExtra! 1-1.   Keep up with developments in the JonBenet Ramsey case!
Annotation:  This CNN special feature includes a timeline of the case, a detailed history of events in the case, and the most recent headlines surrounding events associated with the six-year-old's murder.

WebExtra! 1-2.   Crimes that Shaped the Twentieth Century.
Annotation:  The Crime Library has hundreds of in depth true stories of the most notorious crimes of the Twentieth Century and of all time. Crimes include the St. Valentine's Day massacre, the Lindberg baby kidnapping, the Rosenberg spy trial, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, Ted Bundy's serial killings, the O. J. Simpson trial, the Oklahoma City bombing, and many others.

WebExtra! 1-3.  What is the sequence of events in the criminal justice system?
Annotation: This Bureau of Justice Statistics site features a flowchart with brief descriptions of steps in the criminal justice system. The summaries encompass the most common events in the criminal and juvenile justice systems including initial entry, prosecution and pretrial services, adjudication, sentencing, sanctions, and corrections.

WebExtra! 1-4.   The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994.
Annotation:  The full text of this historic legislation that put many additional law enforcement officers on America's streets, expanded hate crimes to include those motivated by gender, broadened federal control over guns, provided greater protections for women, required enhanced truth in sentencing, expanded the death penalty, and much more.

WebExtra! 1-5. The Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS) on the Web.
Annotation:  The home page of the 3,800-member Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS) -- an international organization established in 1963 to foster professional and scholarly activities in the field of criminal justice.  

 WebExtra! 1-6.  The American Society of Criminology (ASC) on the Web.
Annotation: The home page of the American Society of Criminology (ASC) --  an international  professional organization concerned with criminology, and with scholarly, scientific, and professional knowledge concerning the etiology, prevention, control and treatment of crime and delinquency.  The ASC has specialized divisions such as Critical Criminology, Women and Crime, International Criminology, Sentencing and Corrections, and People of Color and Crime.  Each division distributes newsletters and announcements on a regular basis.

 WebExtra! 1-7.  The Criminal Justice Distance Learning Consortium.
Annotation:  The home page of the Criminal Justice Distance Learning Consortium (CJDLC) -- an organization dedicated to the improvement and expansion of Web-based criminal justice instruction.

 WebExtra! 1-8.  The National Law Enforcement Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC).
Annotation:  The NLECTC system's regional centers and specialty offices work directly with Federal, State, and local government agencies; community leaders; and scientists to foster technological innovations that result in new products, services, systems, and strategies for the Nation's criminal justice professionals.

Chapter 2: The Crime Picture

WebExtra! 2-1.  Text from notes left by 1999 Atlanta mass murderer Mark O. Barton.
Annotation:  The texts from two of the four notes found in Mark O. Barton's apartment along with the bodies of his wife, son and daughter, as released by Henry County, Georgia, police. The first note, found in the living room, was generated on a computer and printed on Barton's personal stationery. The others, found on each of the three bodies, were handwritten. The notes were read aloud by Henry County Police Chief Jimmy Mercer.

WebExtra! 2-2.   The Many Sources of Crime Data.
Annotation:  The sites listed below provide the latest in crime and justice data, including victimization statistics.

WebExtra! 2-3.    The FBI's Uniform Crime Report.
Annotation:  The Uniform Crime Reporting Program is a nationwide, cooperative statistical effort of nearly 17,000 city, county, and state law enforcement agencies voluntarily reporting data on crimes brought to their attention. During 2000, law enforcement agencies active in the UCR Program represented nearly 254 million United States inhabitants or 94 percent of the total population.

WebExtra! 2-4.  Arming Women Against Rape and Endangerment (AWARE).
Annotation:  This AWARE is a source of training, information, and support for people, primarily women, learning how to cope with violence. AWARE training is focused on self-protection and self-defense skills that can enable women to avoid, resist, and survive situations ranging from low levels of aggression to extremely violent assault.

WebExtra! 2-5.  NCPC: The National Crime Prevention Council.  
Annotation:  The nation's focal point and voice for crime prevention, NCPC's mission is to enable people to create safer and more caring communities by addressing the causes of crime and violence and reducing the opportunities for crime to occur.

WebExtra! 2-6.    The FBI's National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS).
Annotation:  This FBI affiliated site describes the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) and provides a history of the NIBRS program.  The crimes reported under NIBRS are listed, and questions that might arise among reporting agencies are answered.

WebExtra! 2-7.    Effects of NIBRS on Crime Statistics.
Annotation:  Under the crime classification procedures introduced with NIBRS, a multiple-offense incident is recorded as more than one offense. Officials in some jurisdictions expressed concerned about the effect this more thorough system will have on their crime statistics. This report compares data from Federal Bureau of Investigation Summary Uniform Crime Reports and National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) for 1,131 agencies. Using data from 1991 to 1996, this study identifies which Index crime rates are most affected by NIBRS reporting and examines the extent to which rates change.

WebExtra! 2-8.  National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Implementation Program on Crime and Violence.
Annotation:   The objective of this program is to improve the quality of crime statistics in the United States. This program provides funding to States (in conjunction with units of Local government) and tribes that want to participate in the FBI's new approach to uniform crime reporting, NIBRS.

WebExtra! 2-9.  Campus Crime Statistics. 
Annotation:   Security On Campus, Inc is a non-profit organization dedicated to educating prospective students, parents and the campus community about the prevalence of crime on our nation's college and university campuses.

WebExtra! 2-10.    National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Data.
Annotation:  Data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) are available at this Bureau of Justice Statistics site.  The site includes press releases, Adobe Acrobat files of the complete report, ASCII files, spreadsheets, codebooks and data sets, as well as information about the sources of data and ordering information for paper versions.

WebExtra! 2-11.    The Nation's Two Crime Measures: How the UCR and NCVS Compare.
Annotation:  The US Department of Justice administers two statistical programs to measure the magnitude, nature, and impact of crime in the Nation: the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Because the two programs are designed to serve different purposes, use different methods, and focus on somewhat different aspects of crime, the information they produce together provides a more comprehensive picture of the Nation's crime problem than either could produce alone. Both programs cover rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, theft, and motor vehicle theft. The UCR program's primary objective is to provide a reliable set of criminal justice statistics for law enforcement administration, operation, and management. The NCVS was established to provide previously unavailable information about crime (including crime not reported to police), victims, and offenders. The paper describes other program similarities and differences as well as their respective strengths and limitations.

WebExtra! 2-12.    Gun Laws, Gun Control & Gun Rights.
Annotation:  JURIST: The Legal Education Network presents this guide as a resource for individuals on all sides in the ongoing controversy over the legal status of guns in the United States

WebExtra! 2-13.    The Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence.
Annotation:  The Brady Center works to enact and enforce sensible gun laws, regulations and public policies through grassroots activism, electing pro-gun control public officials and increasing public awareness of gun violence. The Center also works to reform the gun industry and educate the public about gun violence through litigation and grassroots mobilization, and works to enact and enforce sensible regulations to reduce gun violence including regulations governing the gun industry.

WebExtra! 2-14.  Public Opinion Poll Information on Crime and Violence.
Annotation:   Visit this popular pollster to view the latest poll results concerning public attitudes on crime and crime-related issues.

WebExtra! 2-15.  The full text of the 1994 Violence Against Women Act (VAWA).
Annotation:   A subsection of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) allocated $1.6 billion to fight violence against women. Included were funds to: 1. educate police, prosecutors, and judges about the special needs of women victims; 2 encourage pro-arrest policies in cases of domestic abuse; 3. provide specialized services for female victims of crime; 4. fund battered women's shelters across the country; and 5. support rape education in a variety of settings nationwide. The law also provided for new civil rights remedies for victims of felonies motivated by gender bias and extends "rape shield law" protections to civil cases and to all criminal cases in order to bar irrelevant inquiries into a victim’s sexual history.

Chapter 3:  The Search for Causes

Web Extra! 3-1.    Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods.
Annotation:  Information on a major, interdisciplinary study aimed at understanding the causes and pathways of juvenile delinquency, adult crime, substance abuse, and violence. Describes a longitudinal cohort study of human development in Chicago neighborhoods that was planned beginning in 1990. The initial study was completed in 1995 and 1996, and is continuing to gather information for 7 additional years to determine how individual personalities, school factors, and type of community interact to contribute to juvenile delinquency and criminal behavior. Directed from the Harvard School of Public Health. Visit the site of the folks who run the study at http://phdcn.harvard.edu

WebExtra 3-2.    Crime Theory.com
Annotation:  This site provides resources on the history, development, and teaching of criminological theory. A glossary of terms and links to many crime theory sites are among the resources available.  The site also offers a unique "timeline of criminological theory," "explorations in criminology theory," a "gallery of criminologists," a list of upcoming events in the field of criminology, and suggested readings.

WebExtra! 3-3.   The Jeremy Bentham Project at University College, London (England).
Annotation:  This site offers a great deal of information about Jeremy Bentham, a proponent of the doctrine of Utilitarianism, or the principle of the "greatest happiness for the greatest number" of people.  The site includes details of Bentham's collected works, information on his manuscripts, and example of his handwriting, photos of Bentham's preserved body, dressed in his own clothes (called the "auto-icon"), and images of Bentham's will.  Bentham died on June 6, 1832.

WebExtra! 3-4.   Crime Times.
Annotation:  A Web publication focusing on the biological aspects (especially causes) of crime and violence.  Includes the full text of many articles on the subject.  The current issue is available, along with many past issues of the Times.

WebExtra! 3-5.    The Manson Murders: 30 Years Later.
Annotation:  A CNN special feature detailing the Manson murders.  The site includes information on why the murders continue to fascinate people today, what members of the Manson family are doing now, and Manson's prison stay. 

WebExtra! 3-6. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design: Public Facilities, Applications, and Strategies (NIJ, 1996).
Annotation:  Crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), as it applies to public sector facilities design, is a concept introduced in the early 1970's that has continued to grow in acceptance at a slow but constant rate. This report says that research indicates there are many cases where CPTED strategies have had positive results when they have been incorporated into the design or rehabilitation of public sector facilities.

WebExtra! 3-7. Causes and Correlates of Delinquency Programs. (OJJDP, 1999).
Annotation:  Presents a brief overview of the research design used by the Causes and Correlates projects, which are designed to improve the understanding of serious delinquency, violence, and drug use by examining how youth develop within the context of family, school, peers, and community. The program comprises three longitudinal projects: the Denver Youth Survey, the Pittsburgh Youth Study, and the Rochester Youth Development Study. The Causes and Correlates program represents a milestone in criminological research because it constitutes the largest shared-measurement approach ever achieved in delinquency research.

Chapter 4:   Criminal Law

WebExtra! 4-1.   The Code of Hammurabi.
Annotation:  Read the original Code (translated into English), including a biography of Hammurabi  and Hammurabi's Code of Laws.  The Code contains 282 separate elements or laws.

WebExtra! 4-2.   The Hammurabi Glossary.
Annotation:  A glossary that provides translations of historical terminology found in the Hammurabi  Code.  

WebExtra! 4-3.    The Common Law.
Annotation:  This Web page is adapted from Frank Schmalleger's textbook, Criminal Law Today, and describes the development of English common law, common law principles, and more.

WebExtra! 4-4.     The Rule of Law.
Annotation:  This site provides a relatively brief discussion of the Rule of Law, but emphasizes the importance of laws for a well-ordered society. 

WebExtra! 4-5.    Roscoe Pound's Jural Postulates.
Annotation:  A brief overview of Roscoe Pound's Jural Postulates.  Written by Frank Schmalleger, the material is derived from Pound's book, Social Control Through the Law (Hamden, Connecticut: Archon, 1968).

WebExtra! 4-6.    Merrill v. Navegar 8/6/01 SC.
Annotation:   This document is the full text version of the California Supreme Court's decision in a 1994 lawsuit that was filed against Navegar, a gun manufacturer doing business as Intratec, on behalf of relatives of several of the victims killed by Gian Luigi Ferri in the July 1, 1993 shooting at the 101 California Street office building in San Francisco. Eight people were killed and another six injured in one of the most infamous mass shootings in American history.

WebExtra! 4-7.    Under suspicion: The case against Robert Hanssen.
Annotation:  Since 1985, U.S. officials say, FBI agent Robert Philip Hanssen was a mole inside the FBI, accused of spying for the former Soviet Union and then for Russia in exchange for cash and diamonds. Under a plea agreement, Hanssen pled guilty on July 6, 2001, to 15 counts of espionage and conspiracy charges in exchange for federal prosecutors agreeing not to seek the death penalty. This CNN In-Depth Special includes information on Hanssen's crimes, the legal case and its repercussions. The case has led to new security procedures for the FBI, which was harshly criticized in the aftermath of the Hanssen case.

WebExtra! 4-8.   Breach Of Security? Online Newshour Coverage of the Cox Report.
Annotation:   How was China able to successfully gather U.S. secrets for so long? The PBS News Hour's archive of coverage on the Cox Report includes background coverage, the Congressional response, security reports, and the responses of other Washington officials as well as the Chinese leadership.

WebExtra! 4-9.   Serial Killer Angel Maturino Resendiz Letter.
Annotation:   Rezendiz' defense attorney Allen Tanner, who entered a plea of not guilty by reason of insanity on belaf of his client, told jurors that Resendiz had no remorse for his crimes. "In his mind, the people were evil and deserved to die," Tanner said. He also read one of Resendiz's letters to the presiding judge in which he claimed to be an angel of God and a prophet. View a letter Resendiz sent to his his clergyman here.

WebExtra! 4-10.    Considering the "Cultural Defense": Immigrants, Gender, Race, and Criminal Law.
Annotation:   Some lawyers say the cultural defense has a rightful place alongside legal strategies used by battered women, Vietnam veterans and the mentally ill - namely, that their experiences may twist their views of immediate danger and the necessity to kill. But many legal scholars and feminists worry that the new, "hot" legal strategy is little more than a trendy justification for male violence against women. In several recent cases across the country, ranging from Laotians in Minnesota to Ethiopians in California, the cultural defense has surfaced when immigrant men have murdered or raped immigrant women. This article strives for a balanced presentation of both views while offering some historical background of the "cultural defense."

Chapter 5:  Policing

WebExtra! 5-1.   The Commission That Never Was: The National Commission on Crime Prevention and Control.
Annotation:  Read about Congress's call to the President to convene a national summit on violence in America and to create a national commission focusing on crime prevention and control.  Among other things, the Commission was to: 1. develop a comprehensive proposal for preventing and controlling crime and violence in the United States, 2. bring attention to successful models and programs in crime prevention and crime control; and 3.reach out beyond the traditional criminal justice community for ideas for controlling and preventing crime.

WebExtra! 5-2.   Federal Law Enforcement Agencies and Related Organizations.
Annotation:  This site is provided by the New York State Police.  A more complete listing of federal law enforcement agencies follows:

WebExtra! 5-3.   Ensuring Public Safety and National Security Under the Rule of Law: A Report to the American People on the Work of the FBI 1993-1998.
Annotation: This report describes the FBI's core values, the professional responsibility of agents and other law enforcement officers, the importance of ethics training in law enforcement, and the FBI's leadership role in national security.  Specific crimes and terrorist activities are discussed, including the UNABOMB case, and the Oklahoma City bombing; and foreign terrorists in the United States, and weapons of mass destruction are discussed.

WebExtra! 5-4.   FBI Administrative Division's and Programs
Annotation:   This FBI page is a summarization of FBI Headquarters Divisions responsibilities, including hyperlinks to specific programs managed by that Division or the Division's web site.

WebExtra! 5-5.   FBI Academy.
Annotation:   The FBI Academy is located on the United States Marine Corps Base at Quantico, Virginia. The Facility, which opened in the Summer of 1972, is situated on 385 wooded acres of land providing the security, privacy, and safe environment necessary to carry out the diverse training and operations functions for which the FBI is responsible.

WebExtra! 5-6.   The Official Directory of State Patrol and State Police Sites.
Annotation:   A compendium of links to state-level police agencies.  Check to see if your state is listed.

WebExtra! 5-7.   Local Law Enforcement Agencies.
Annotation:    A selection of notable examples of Big-City Law Enforcement sites are listed below:

WebExtra! 5-8.  The American Society of Industrial Security (ASIS).
Annotation:  ASIS International, with more than 32,000 members, is the largest international organization for professionals responsible for security, including managers and directors of security.  ASIS International is dedicated to increasing the effectiveness and productivity of security practices by developing educational programs and materials that address broad security concerns.

Chapter 6:  Police Management

Web Extra! 6-1.    Chicago's Alternative Policing Strategy.
Annotation:  The home page of the Chicago Police Departments Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS) Program.

WebExtra! 6-2.    The Community Policing Consortium.
Annotation:  The Community Policing Consortium is a partnership of five of the leading police organizations in the United States: the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE), the National Sheriffs' Association (NSA), the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), and the Police Foundation.  The Consortium is administered and funded by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS).

Web Extra! 6-3.  The National Law Enforcement Officers' Memorial Fund.
Annotation:  Learn about the National Law Enforcement Officers' Memorial, and tour the Memorial on the Web.

WebExtra! 6-4. Visit California's POST Commission on the World Wide Web!
Annotation:  The California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST) was established in 1959. POST sets standards for California law enforcement officers and supports California law enforcement agencies in serving their communities.

WebExtra! 6-5.  The Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA).
Annotation:  The Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies, Inc. (CALEA), was established as an independent accrediting authority in 1979 by four major law enforcement membership associations: International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP); National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives (NOBLE); National Sheriffs' Association (NSA); and Police Executive Research Forum (PERF).  The Commission derives its accreditation authority from those agencies that voluntarily participate in the accreditation program.  Click Here to see a list of all CALEA accredited agencies in the United States.

Chapter 7:  Policing: Legal Aspects

WebExtra! 7-1.   A Complete History of the Amadou Diallo Case.
Annotation:  CourtTV traces developments in the Amadou Diallo case. Diallo, a black immigrant from West Africa, was struck and killed by 19 bullets from \ among 41 shots fired at him by four white undercover officers of the New York Police Department.  Investigation later revealed that Diallo was innocent of any wrongdoing and was unarmed at the time he was killed.  It includes a chronology, court transcripts and an archive of many news stories relating to the event and its aftermath.

WebExtra! 7-2.  Official Negligence: Lou Cannon Dissects the Rodney King Case and the LA Riots PBS Online Newshour.
Annotation: Pictures may not lie, but they don't always tell the whole story. According to veteran journalist Lou Cannon, this was the case for one of the most famous tragedies of the 1990's: the Rodney King beating and the Los Angeles riots. For Cannon, these tapes did not tell the whole story of what happened in LA; images of the beating and riots that followed pointed to a more complex set of problems: a woefully trained police force and flaws in the city's civic and judicial leadership.

WebExtra! 7-3.   USA Patriot Act (USAPA) .
Annotation:  On October 26, 2001, President Bush signed the USA Patriot Act (USAPA) into law, granting new powers to both domestic law enforcement and international intelligence agencies. The Act makes changes to over a dozen different statutes relating to online activities and surveillance, money laundering, immigration as well as for providing for the victims of terrorism.

WebExtra! 7-4.  Title 18--Crimes And Criminal Procedure.
Annotation:  The full-text of the U.S. Code governing criminal justice law.

WebExtra! 7-5.   Fourth Amendment (Search and Seizure).
Annotation:  Complete text of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the "Bill of Rights," as well as information about the amendments history and scope, searches and seizures pursuant to a warrant, valid searches and seizures without warrants, electronic surveillance, and enforcing the Fourth Amendment: the exclusionary rule.

WebExtra! 7-6.  Miranda Revisited.
Annotation:  This site contains the full text of the original 1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision, the full text of the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals 1999 opinion in U.S. v. Dickerson (which overturned Miranda), the relevant portions of 18 U.S.C. 3501 (on which the Fourth Circuit Court based its decision), and information on the Dickerson case now being appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

WebExtra! 7-7.  2000 Wiretap Report.
Annotation:  The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 requires the Administrative Office of the United States Courts (AO) to report to Congress the number and nature of federal and state applications for orders authorizing or approving the interception of wire, oral, or electronic communications. The statute requires that specific information be provided to the AO, including the offense(s) under investigation, the location of the intercept, the cost of the surveillance, and the number of arrests, trials, and convictions that directly result from the surveillance. This report covers intercepts concluded between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2000, and provides supplementary information on arrests and convictions resulting from intercepts concluded in prior years.

Chapter 8:  The Courts

WebExtra! 8-1.    The National Center for State Courts.
Annotation:  The home page of the National Center for State Courts -- the organization that provides support and assistance to state courts, and which helps in their operation.

Web Extra! 8-2.   The Administrative Office of the United States Courts.
Annotation:    Run by the federal office that provides administrative support to federal courts across the nation, this site is also known as "The Federal Judiciary Homepage."  The FAQ area answers questions about federal judges, provides information on federal courts, tells how to file a case in federal courts, provides information for jurors, and describes employment in the federal courts.

Web Extra! 8-3.    Community Justice Exchange.
Annotation:  From the Center for Court Innovation, the Community Justice Exchange shares the lessons learned from its demonstration projects in New York as well as other community justice programs around the country with everything from philosophical principles of community justice to point-by-point planning tips.

Web Extra! 8-4.    Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court.
Annotation:  A Court TV site that provides biographies of every U.S. Supreme Court Justice currently serving.

WebExtra! 8-5 .    Northwestern University's Supreme Court Project.
Annotation:  Take a Virtual Tour of the U.S. Supreme Court Building via Northwestern University's exciting multimedia site. The photo tour available at this site allows users to move through the Supreme Court Building, to zoom in on items of interest, and to pan the camera angle.

WebExtra! 8-6.   Professional Bail Agents of the United States.
Annotation:  A site dedicated to bail bondsmen and women. It includes the group's code of ethics.

Chapter 9:  The Courtroom Work Group and the Criminal Trial


WebExtra! 9-1.  The National Judicial College (NJC).
Annotation:  The home page of the National Judicial College (NJC).  The College annually conducts more than 50 resident courses and some two-dozen non-resident courses for judges throughout the nation and the world.

WebExtra! 9-2.  The National District Attorneys Association (NDAA).
Annotation:  The home page of the National District Attorneys Association (NDAA).  NDAA describes itself as the voice of America's prosecutors, and says that it supports "their efforts to protect the rights and safety of the people."

WebExtra! 9-3..  The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (NACDL).
Annotation:  The home page of the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (NACDL).  NACDL is a professional association with more than 20,000 members and 52 state and local affiliates. NACDL organizes workshops on criminal defense techniques and the latest scientific developments in the forensics area.

WebExtra! 9-4.  The Association of Federal Defense Attorneys (AFDA).
Annotation:  The home page of the Association of Federal Defense Attorneys (AFDA). AFDA is an Internet-based association for criminal defense attorneys who practice in the federal courts nationwide.

WebExtra! 9-5.  The National Legal Aid and Defender Association (NLADA).
Annotation:  The home page of the National Legal Aid and Defender Association (NLADA). NLADA is the oldest and largest national, non-profit membership organization that devotes all of its resources to advocating equal access to justice for all Americans.  Founded in 1911, it champions effective legal assistance for the poor and serves as a collective voice for both civil legal services and indigent defense services throughout the nation.  NLADA works to improve the American system of justice by seeking adequate funding and promoting high standards for the delivery of legal assistance to the poor.

WebExtra! 9-6.  The American Bar Association (ABA).
Annotation:  The home page of the American Bar Association -- the professional organization that represents the interests of America's lawyers.  The ABA site offers free information for members of the legal community, public information including legal assistance and publications, and a special section of ABA members and law students.  A "lawyer locator" rounds out the site.

WebExtra! 9-7.  The National Court Reporters Association (NCRA).
Annotation:  The home page of the National Court Reporters Association (NCRA).  NCRA exists to create an understanding of the role of court reporters among customers, legislators and regulators and to ensure that they remain the preferred professionals who capture and manage the records of judicial proceedings.  As the professional association for court reporters, NCRA is committed to serving its members and the public through programs that promote excellence in reporting.

WebExtra! 9-8 . Jury Duty: What To Expect.
Annotation:  This year more than 5 million American citizens will be called to service on a jury in their community. They will be taking part in one of our oldest and most powerful democratic traditions. Thomas Jefferson described the right to "trial by juries impartially." The Arizona Supreme court website provides information for those who have been summoned for jury service or empaneled on a jury.

WebExtra! 9-9.  The National Association of Judiciary Interpreters and Translators (NAJIT).
Annotation:  NAJIT has been a leader in promoting quality interpretation and translation services in the judicial system. The group strives to maintain standards of quality to assure due process and adequate legal representation, as provided for by the 5th, 6th, and 14th Amendments to the United States Constitution.

Chapter 10:  Sentencing

WebExtra! 10-1..  The Sentencing Project.
Annotation:  The Sentencing Project Website is designed to provide resources and information for the news media and a public concerned with criminal justice and sentencing issues. This site also includes news and information about the National Association of Sentencing Advocates (NASA), which The Sentencing Project sponsors, and professional information of use to its members.

WebExtra! 10-2.  Implementing the Balanced and Restorative Justice Model.
Annotation:  This document describes restorative justice, lists the principles of the restorative justice model, explains how to transform the current juvenile justice system using a restorative model, and discusses accountability and community safety under the model.

WebExtra! 10-3.  The United States Sentencing Commission.
Annotation:  The Commission’s duties include developing guidelines for sentencing in federal courts; collecting data about crime and sentencing; and serving as a resource to Congress, the Executive Branch, and the Judiciary on crime and sentencing policy.

WebExtra! 10-4.  The Federal Sentencing Table.
Annotation:  The guidelines table used by federal judges in imposing sentence on convicted federal defendants.  The table consists of vertical columns listing offense levels, and horizontal rows describing an offender's criminal history.

WebExtra! 10-5.  The National Victims' Constitutional Amendment Network (NVCAN).
Annotation:  NVCAN is a non-profit organization supporting the adoption of an amendment to the U.S. Constitution recognizing the fundamental rights of crime victims to be treated with dignity, fairness and respect by the criminal justice system. Read more about NVCAN and the proposed constitutional amendment. 

WebExtra! 10-6.  The Death Penalty Information Center (DPIC).
Annotation:  The home page of the Death Penalty Information Center (DPIC).  This site contains information on U.S. executions by year, by state, and by method.  Scheduled executions are listed, and state-by-state information on death rows is available.  A history of the death penalty in the United States is provided, and issues of race, innocence, public opinion, deterrence, costs, and clemency as they relate to the death penalty are discussed.  Special topics coverage can be found in the areas of women, juveniles, mental retardation, and international use of capital punishment.

WebExtra! 10-7.  The Debate Over the Death Penalty.
Annotation:    The text of differing opinions on the constitutionality of the death penalty.  These documents were written by U.S. Supreme Court Justices Harry A. Blackmun and Antonin Scalia in the case of Callins v. Collns 114. S.Ct. 1127, 1128-38 (1994).

Chapter 11:  Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections

Web Extra! 11-1 .   International Community Corrections Association (ICCA).
Annotation:  This is the Website of the International Community Corrections Association (ICCA) -- a membership association supporting the use of community-based corrections throughout the nation.   ICCA provides information, training, and other programs to enhance the quality of services and supervision for offenders in the community and to promote effective management practices of community corrections programs.  The association is committed to promoting and enhancing community corrections as a vital component of the criminal justice system. 

WebExtra! 11-2.    United States Parole Commission.
Annotation:  The home page of the United States Parole Commission. Although parole is slated to be abolished in the federal system (under the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984), the life of the federal parole commission continues to be extended by Congressional mandate.  

WebExtra! 11-3.    The American Probation & Parole Association (APPA).
Annotation:   The American Probation and Parole Association (APPA) is an international association composed of individuals from the United States and Canada actively involved with probation, parole and community-based corrections, in both adult and juvenile sectors.

Chapter 12:  Prisons and Jails

WebExtra! 12-1.  English Prisons over Two Centuries.
Annotation:  A British Home Office site describing the development of prisons in England between 1782-1982.  Reference is made to the famous prison reformer John Howard, and transportation to the "new world" is described.

WebExtra! 12-2.  The Corrections Connection.
Annotation:  An information-rich site, the Corrections Connection is home to a number of correctional organizations on the Web, and includes links to correctional associations, correctional healthcare sites, juvenile corrections, legislation relevant to the area, online correctional libraries, prison privatization information, religious support for prisoners, substance abuse programs, educational programs for inmates, gang issues, unions, victims' issues, and much more.  An industry buyers guide and searchable "corrections white pages" are also provided.

WebExtra! 12-3.  The Federal Bureau of Prisons  (BOP).
Annotation:  The home page of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP).  This site offers information about the Bureau, includes a BOP directory, provides employment information, and includes links to related sites.  A section on inmate information describes how the Freedom of Information Act (5 USC 552) and the Privacy Act of 1974 (5 USC 552a) authorize the release of certain information about federal inmates to any member of the general public requesting it.

WebExtra! 12-4.  The American Jail Association  (AJA).
Annotation:  The home page of the American Jail Association (AJA), this site provides information about the AJA, including publications, resolutions, awards and scholarships, upcoming conferences, jail manager certification, training schedules, the certified jail manager program, and vendors.

WebExtra! 12-5.  The Prison Privatization Research Site.
Annotation:  The Prison Privatization Research Site provides a highly diverse audience of academics, correctional practitioners, investors, policy makers, and the general public with easy access to the most comprehensive, objective, reliable, and timely information that is available about correctional privatization.

Chapter 13:  Prison Life

WebExtra! 13-1.  Argot: The Prisoner's Dictionary.
Annotation:  An online dictionary of terms commonly used in prison by prisoners.  The "argot" described in this dictionary provides insight into prison life and the values and beliefs that underlie it.

WebExtra! 13-2.  Prison Diaries: An Intimate Portrait of Life Behind Bars.
Annotation:  This National Public Radio special feature provides insight into what life behind bars is like.  With articles covering the treatment of female inmates, prisons of the future, and U.S. prison populations, the site offers in-depth coverage of prisons today.

WebExtra! 13-3.  Cellblock Seniors.
Annotation:  ThisTime Magazinestory looks at America's aging prison population. Statistically, the risk of recidivism drops significantly with age. But with three-strikes laws becoming common and some states abolishing parole altogether, the ranks of these aging, sickly inmates will only keep growing--as will the cost to taxpayers. Because elderly people require more medical care, it costs nearly three times as much to incarcerate them, or about $65,000 a year per inmate.

WebExtra! 13-4.   A Letter From Inside.
Annotation:  This Crime Libraray feature provides insight into what it's like to be imprisoned for decades.  William Heirens has been inside an Illinois prison since he was 17.  He's now 70.  What's it like to be locked up for 52 years? Controversy still surrounds Heirens' conviction after five decades.

WebExtra! 13-5.  Mentally Ill Inmates.
Annotation:  An CNN special feature examining the number of mentally ill inmates in U.S. prisons and jails.  The report is based on a comprehensive study of mental illness behind bars released by the Bureau of Justice Statistics in 2000.

WebExtra! 13-6.  The Prison Issues Desk.
Annotation:  Sponsored by the Prison Activist Resource Center (PARC), the Prisons Issues Desk deals with prison-related topics from a "progressive" point of view.  Topics covered include prisoner statistics, prison news, women in prison, the death penalty, political prisoners, and more.

Chapter 14:   Juvenile Justice

WebExtra! 14-1.  The  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention  (OJJDP).
Annotation:  The home page of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP).  The OJJDP site contains information about the agency, press releases and editorial articles authored by the OJJDP chief administrator, the full text of speeches and presentations by OJJDP personnel, information on available grants and funding, a calendar of events, and publications.

WebExtra! 14-2.  The Columbine High School Shootings.
Annotation:  On April 20, 1999, two students went on a shooting rampage at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado. Dylan Klebold, 18, and Eric Harris, 17, killed 12 students and one teacher before turning their guns on themselves. The nation was consumed with trying to figure out what caused the boys to carry out the massacre, which had been intricately planned for over a year. This section highlights NPR stories on the tragedy and aftermath.

WebExtra! 14-3. The National Youth Gang Center (NYGC).
Annotation:  The National Youth Gang Center (NYGC) says that it "seeks to expand and maintain the body of critical knowledge about youth gangs and effective responses to them."  The center also assists state and local jurisdictions in the collection, analysis, and exchange of information on gang-related demographics, legislation, literature, research, and promising program strategies, and coordinates activities of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) Youth Gang Consortium -- a group of federal agencies, gang program representatives, and other service providers.

WebExtra! 14-4.  National Gang Crime Research Center (NGRC).  
Annotation:  The NGCRC is a non-profit independent agency that carries out research on gangs and gang members, disseminates information about gangs through its official newsletter, the Journal of Gang Research, and, provides training and consulting services about gangs.

WebExtra! 14-5.  The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC).
Annotation:  The home page of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC). NCMEC serves as a focal point in providing assistance to parents, children, law enforcement, schools, and the community in recovering missing children and raising public awareness about ways to help prevent child abduction, molestation, and sexual exploitation.

WebExtra! 14-6.  The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. (AFSP). 
Annotation:  The home page of the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP). AFSP is dedicated to advancing knowledge about suicide and our ability to prevent it. The Foundation's activities include (in its words): "1. Supporting research projects that help further the understanding and treatment of depression and the prevention of suicide; 2. Providing information and education about depression and suicide; 3. Promoting professional education for the recognition and treatment of depressed and suicidal individuals; 4. Publicizing the magnitude of the problems of depression and suicide and the need for research, prevention and treatment; and 5. Supporting programs for suicide survivor treatment, research and education."

WebExtra! 14-7.  The National Council on Crime and Delinquency (NCCD) Children's Research Center.
Annotation:  This is the Website of this research and advocacy group with annotated links to related sites. The focus of the group is on children as victims and perpetrators of crime, and on the needs of dependent children.

WebExtra! 14-8.  Teen Court: A Florida Example.
Annotation:  Teen court information provided by Seminole County, Florida.  Teen court offers an alternative to juveniles who commit misdemeanor offenses for the first time-allowing them to receive sanctions from a jury of their peers and avoid a lasting criminal record. 

WebExtra! 14-9.  Changing perspectives on Juvenile Justice. 
Annotation:  A report by the Urban Institute about changes that have occurred in America's juvenile courts during the past 30 years.  Violent crimes perpetrated by juveniles are examined, with an eye to public reaction and evolving crime prevention legislation targeting juveniles.  This crime policy report suggests that the work to design a new youth justice system should start before states actually begin to abolish the legal concept of delinquency.

Chapter 15:  Drugs and Crime

WebExtra! 15-1.  Drug and Crime Facts.
Annotation:  A Bureau of Justice Statistics site that provides information about drug-related crimes, law enforcement, courts, and corrections.  It is revised as new information becomes available.  The site serves to provide policymakers, criminal justice practitioners, researchers, and the general public with online access to understandable information on various drug law violations and drug-related law enforcement.

WebExtra! 15-2.  MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving).
Annotation:  The home page of Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD).  MADD is determined to stop drunk driving and to support victims of this violent crime. The site contains key statistics on drunk driving and discussion forums covering related issues.  A victims' assistance area is also available.

WebExtra! 15-3.  The Office of National Drug Control Policy  (ONDCP).
Annotation:  Home page of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), located in the White House.  ONDCP is run by a special "drug czar" appointed by the President, and provides drug abuse statistics, publishes the National Drug Control Policy, offers prevention and education information, suggests treatment modalities, and assists with drug law enforcement.

WebExtra! 15-4.  High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA) program.
Annotation:  The High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA) Program -- a project of the Office of National Drug Control Strategy -- identifies geographic areas having the most critical drug-trafficking problems in the country.  It also provides resources to assist those areas in fighting drug crime. 

WebExtra! 15-5.   Dictionary of Street Drug Slang.
Annotation:  This Indiana Prevention Resource Center on-line dictionary contains more than 3,800 street drug slang terms from the Indiana Prevention Resource Center files, with more than 1,200 additions from the National Drug and Crime Clearinghouse slang term list.

WebExtra! 15-6.  The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).
Annotation:  The home page of the largest federal law enforcement agency, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).  The DEA site includes information about the agency, its programs, and major operations. Statistics on drug abuse are provided, along with information on drug traffickers, fugitives, DEA publications, and DEA employment.  A DEA "museum" rounds out the online offerings.

WebExtra! 15-7..  Clubdrugs.org.
Annotation:   A project of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Clubdrugs.org is a public information campaign intended to alert the public especially the young and club-going public about the dangers of club drugs. Club drugs are being used by young adults at all-night dance parties such as "raves" or "trances," dance clubs, and bars. MDMA (Ecstasy), GHB, Rohypnol, ketamine, methamphetamine, and LSD are some of the club or party drugs gaining popularity. NIDA-supported research has shown that use of club drugs can cause serious health problems and, used in combination with alcohol, these drugs can be even more dangerous.

WebExtra! 15-8.  The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FINCEN).
Annotation:  The home page of the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FINCEN).  The mission of the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network is to support and strengthen domestic and international anti-money laundering efforts and to foster interagency and global cooperation to that end through information collection, analysis and sharing, technological assistance, and innovative and cost-effective implementation of Treasury authorities.

WebExtra! 15-9. The debate over (DARE) Drug Abuse Resistance Education.
Annotation:   A Lindesmith Center report on the controversy surrounding a University of Kentucky survey of more than 1,400 children.  Researchers interviewed DARE participants 10 years after completing the program, and concluded that these students were no less likely to use drugs, alcohol, and tobacco, than children who did not go through the program. 

WebExtra! 15-10.   RAND's Drug Policy Research Center.
Annotation:   RAND's goal is to conduct the empirical research, policy analysis, and outreach needed to help community leaders and public officials develop more effective strategies for dealing with drug problems.

WebExtra! 15-11.   National Association of Drug Court Professionals.
Annotation:   An association of Professionals who work in drug courts throughout the United States, joined together for education and advocacy on behalf of drug courts. The group promotes a change in the way that business is done in the criminal justice system arena in adjudicating offenders with drug and/or alcohol addictions. The groups favors a therapeutic approach to criminal justice where offenders are required to undergo drug treatment, frequent drug testing, close monitoring and regular court visits. This approach better ensures a short-term accountability in the criminal adjudication process and a long-term reduction in recidivism, they believe.

Chapter 16:   Multinational Criminal Justice

WebExtra! 16-1.  National Institute of Justice International Center.
Annotation:  With the continuous changes in technology Ð from the growth of air travel to the rapid advancement in electronic communications Ð crime continues to develop an international face. Criminal enterprises and activities have extended their reach beyond national borders, presenting new challenges for criminal justice systems around the world. The Center provides communities and jurisdictions in the United States and overseas with a powerful resource to help practitioners, researchers, and policymakers meet these new challenges. The mission of the International Center is fourfold: to stimulate, facilitate, evaluate and disseminate both national and international criminal justice research and information.

WebExtra! 16-2.   The (British) Home Office Internet Service.
Annotation:  The British Home Office is the government department responsible for internal affairs in England and Wales. The avowed aim of the Home Office is to build a safe, just and tolerant society in which the rights and responsibilities of individuals, families and communities are properly balanced and the protection and security of the public are maintained.  The Home Office contains information on legislation, crime reduction, drug prevention, police, prisons, juvenile justice, and various government agencies.

WebExtra! 16-3.   The Office of International Criminal Justice (OICJ).
Annotation:  The Office of International Criminal Justice (OICJ), located at the University of Illinois at Chicago, is one of the best known academic criminal justice programs in the world.   The OICJ site offers information on international criminal organizations, access to late breaking international crime stories, and information on international study tours offered by the Office.  Issues of the Keeper's Voice, the official publication of the International Association of Correctional Officers, is also available at the site.

WebExtra! 16-4.   The United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (ODCCP).
Annotation:  A global leader in the fight against illicit drugs and international crime, ODCCP consists of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP) and the United Nations Centre for International Crime Prevention (CICP). ODCCP has approximately 350 staff members worldwide. Its headquarters are in Vienna and it has 22 Field Offices as well as Liaison Offices in New York and Brussels.

WebExtra! 16-5.   The World Justice Information Network (WJIN).
Annotation:  The World Justice Information Network, or WJIN.NET, is an independent global research forum operated by representatives of the international community.  The site provides an Internet-based system for sharing information on crime, justice and the rule of law among policy makers, executives, criminal justice and law enforcement officials, international organizations, researchers and other academics, students, civic activists, journalists and concerned citizens worldwide.  WJIN is a membership-only site, but anyone who is professionally involved in the area of international crime and justice may meet the criteria for free membership.  To sign up for a trial membership visit http://www.wjin.net.

WebExtra! 16-6.  The International Victimology Website (IVW).
Annotation:  The International Victimology Website (IVW) is sponsored by the government of the Netherlands.  The site seeks to collect and disseminate United Nations and other international information on victimology and victimizations.  The site includes a victimology research database containing current victimology research, a victim services database describing what works in the field of victimization prevention, current news, and a frequently updated bulletin board containing ads, calls, and messages from and to those working with victim services.

WebExtra! 16-7.   Transnational Organized Crime.
Annotation:  This is the full text of a statement made by Robert S. Gelbard, Assistant Secretary for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, before the House Committee on International Relations.  Gelbard discusses fighting transnational crime, the training necessary for a successful battle, the need for a rapid response to criminal threats, working with the international community, and more.

WebExtra! 16-8.   INTERPOL (USNCB).
Annotation:  This site is run by the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) to describe INTERPOL and U.S. involvement in the organization.  Also included are links to INTERPOL member country sites, information on INTERPOL's role in recovering stolen art, its role in recovering stolen vehicles, and in identifying and confiscating counterfeit currency.

WebExtra! 16-9.  Europol.
Annotation:  The site of the European Police Office. Europol came into existence in October 1998, and seeks to improve the effectiveness and cooperation among member states in preventing and combating terrorism, unlawful drug trafficking, and other serious forms of international crime.

WebExtra! 16-9.  Coalition for the International Criminal Court (ICC).
Annotation:  On 11 April 2002, 10 countries ratified the Rome Statute for the ICC, surpassing the number needed to trigger entry of the statute into force on 1 July 2002. The International Criminal Court (ICC) will be a permanent court for trying individuals accused of committing genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. The ICC will enter into force on 1 July 2002 and be established over the course of the next year.

Chapter 17:  The Future of Criminal Justice

WebExtra! 17-1.   The Innocence Project.
Annotation:  The Innocence Project provides pro bono legal assistance to inmates who are challenging their convictions based on DNA testing of evidence. The Project has represented or assisted in more than 100 cases where convictions have been reversed or overturned in the United States.

WebExtra! 17-2.   The National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence.
Annotation:  The purpose of the National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence is to provide the U.S. Attorney General with recommendations on the use of current and future DNA methods, applications and technologies in the operation of the criminal justice system, from the crime scene to the courtroom.

WebExtra! 17-3.   The Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division.
Annotation:  The CJIS Division was established in February 1992 to serve as the focal point and central repository for criminal justice information services in the FBI. It is the largest Division within the FBI. Its mission is to reduce criminal activity by maximizing the ability to provide timely and relevant criminal justice information to the FBI and to qualified law enforcement, criminal justice, civilian, academic, employment, and licensing agencies concerning individuals, stolen property, criminal organizations and activities,and other law enforcement related data.

WebExtra! 17-4.  State Sex Offender Registries and Online Databases.
Annotation: PANdora's Box includes a collection of most U.S. online sex offender databases.  Choose a state and search by offender's name.  A few state-specific sites are listed below:

Florida
Kansas
Michigan
New York
Texas

WebExtra! 17-5.  The FBI's "Ten Most Wanted Fugitives" Program.
Annotation:  Begun in 1950, the program is designed to publicize particularly dangerous fugitives who might not otherwise merit nationwide attention. The FBI values and recognizes the need for public assistance in tracking fugitives. One hundred and forty-three of the "Ten Most Wanted Fugitives" apprehensions have resulted from citizens recognition of fugitives through this publicity program.

WebExtra! 17-6.   The National White Collar Crime Center (NWCCC).
Annotation:  The home page of the National White Collar Crime Center (NWCCC).  The Center provides national support for the prevention, investigation, and prosecution of white collar and economic crimes.   You may also read a BJA Fact Sheet describing the Center. 

WebExtra! 17-7.   The Council of Europe Treaty Office .
Annotation: European Conventions and Agreements are prepared and negotiated within the institutional framework of the Council of Europe. The Convention on Cybercimre was the first international treaty on crimes committed via the Internet and other computer networks, dealing particularly with infringements of copyright, computer-related fraud, child pornography and violations of network security. It also contains a series of powers and procedures such as the search of computer networks and interception.

WebExtra! 17-8.   CYBERCRIME.GOV: The Department of Justice's Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section (CCIPS).
Annotation: Includes information on how to report high-tech crimes, the coordination of law enforcement efforts to combat Internet-based crime, and job opportunities with enforcement agencies involved in the fight against cybercrime.

WebExtra! 17-9.   Identity Theft: When Bad Things Happen To Your Good Name (FTC, 2000).
Annotation: This report from the Federal Trade Commission explains to consumers and citizens the nature and scope of the problem, what to do if they are victimized, and advice on how to minimize the risk of falling prey to identity theft.

WebExtra! 17-10.   The General Services Administration's Smart Card Tutorial - An Online Multimedia Presentation.
Annotation: This tutorial focuses on the microprocessor type of Smart Card defined as an IC chip contact card with a microprocessor and memory. No bigger than a credit card, this smart card contains a dime-sized microchip that can process and store thousands of bits of electronic data. Unlike passive devices (such as a memory card or magnetic stripe card) that can only store information, the smart card is active and able to process data in reacting to a given situation. In this presentation you will learn how smart cards are being used by millions of people worldwide. Also, the latest smart card technologies and applications are reviewed.

WebExtra! 17-11.   Summary of the President's Executive Order establishing The Office of Homeland Security & the Homeland Security Council.
Annotation: The mission of the Office is to develop and coordinate the implementation of a comprehensive national strategy to secure the United States from terrorist threats or attacks. The Office is charged with coordinating the executive branch's efforts to detect, prepare for, prevent, protect against, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks within the United States.

WebExtra! 17-12.   The Terrorism Research Center.
Annotation: The Terrorism Research Center is dedicated to informing the public of the phenomena of terrorism and information warfare. This site features essays and thought pieces on current issues, as well as links to other terrorism documents, profiles of terrorist groups, anti-terrorism organizations, and terrorism research and resources.

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